CEFR
The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) is a comprehensive guide designed to assess and describe the language proficiency of learners of foreign languages in Europe and, increasingly, around the world. Developed by the Council of Europe, it serves as a tool for language learners, educators, and policymakers, providing a common basis for the elaboration of language syllabuses, curriculum guidelines, and teaching materials.
Understanding the CEFR
The CEFR divides language proficiency into six levels, ranging from A1 for beginners to C2 for those who have mastered a language. These levels are further grouped into three broad categories: Basic User (A1-A2), Independent User (B1-B2), and Proficient User (C1-C2). Each level is defined by ‘can-do’ descriptors that specify what a learner is able to do in reading, writing, listening, and speaking at each stage of proficiency.
The CEFR Levels
- A1 (Breakthrough): At this level, users can understand and use familiar everyday expressions and very basic phrases. They can introduce themselves and others and can ask and answer questions about personal details.
- A2 (Waystage): Users can understand sentences and frequently used expressions related to areas of most immediate relevance. They can communicate in simple tasks requiring a direct exchange of information.
- B1 (Threshold): At the B1 level, users can understand the main points of clear standard input on familiar matters. They can deal with most situations likely to arise while traveling in an area where the language is spoken.
- B2 (Vantage): Users can understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics. They can interact with a degree of fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction with native speakers quite possible.
- C1 (Effective Operational Proficiency): At this advanced level, users can understand a wide range of demanding, longer texts, and recognize implicit meaning. They can express ideas fluently and spontaneously without much obvious searching for expressions.
- C2 (Mastery): Users can understand with ease virtually everything heard or read. They can summarize information from different spoken and written sources, reconstructing arguments and accounts in a coherent presentation.
The Role of the CEFR in Language Education
The CEFR’s detailed descriptions of language proficiency levels have become a valuable resource for educators and learners alike. It helps in setting clear goals for language learning and provides a transparent system for evaluating progress. The framework encourages a communicative approach to language teaching and learning, focusing on practical language use in various social contexts.
CEFR and Language Assessment
The CEFR has also influenced the development of language assessments. Many international language proficiency tests align their scoring with the CEFR levels, providing learners with certifications that are recognized across borders. This alignment ensures that language qualifications are comparable and consistent worldwide. Visit our list of language assessment websites.
CEFR’s Impact on Curriculum Design
Curriculum designers use the CEFR to create language courses that cater to the needs of learners at different proficiency levels. The framework’s descriptors guide the selection of learning objectives, content, and assessment criteria, ensuring that language instruction is relevant and comprehensive.
CEFR and the Learner
For learners, the CEFR provides clear guidelines on what to expect at each stage of their language learning journey. It empowers them to self-assess their language skills and set realistic and achievable goals. The framework also facilitates lifelong learning and plurilingualism, encouraging learners to pursue multiple languages.
CEFR in the Digital Age
The CEFR has adapted to the digital age by including descriptors for online interaction and mediation. This reflects the changing landscape of language use, where digital communication plays a significant role. The framework supports the development of digital literacy skills alongside traditional language competencies.
Conclusion
The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages is a cornerstone of modern language education. Its influence extends beyond Europe, shaping language learning, teaching, and assessment around the globe. By providing a clear and comprehensive guide to language proficiency, the CEFR has facilitated communication, understanding, and cooperation among people of different languages and cultures. It continues to evolve, reflecting the dynamic nature of language education and the diverse needs of learners in a connected world.